国际发展项目评估比较分析及其对亚太森林组织的启示

亚太森林组织是亚太地区最具活力和影响力的涉林国际组织之一,完善亚太森林组织评估体系是当前的重点工作。文中在总结国际发展项目评估主要理论框架和方法的基础上,分析比较7个具有代表性的国际组织和发展援助机构的评估管理构架、评估政策与实践方面的特点,以及各机构评估体系的共性和差异。结果发现,各机构评估体系特点与其机构性质,管理架构,项目和活动类型、规模等因素密切相关。借鉴成熟国际组织评估管理的成功经验和做法,结合亚太森林组织评估工作现状和问题,提出完善亚太森林组织评估体系的思考和建议。     

基于网络点评的郑州市森林公园使用后评价研究

以郑州市森林公园为例,采用内容分析法和ROST Content Mining软件,通过大众点评网、携程网等旅游网站获取有关景区的评论数据,进行高频词分析、语义网络分析以及情感分析,分析游客游后感知并研究使用后评价.结果表明:郑州市森林公园的使用后综合评价为公园景色优美、环境宜人,符合森林公园定位;游园性价比高,整体满意度高;游客活动以生态健身为主,但景观特色未完全展现;景区基础设施服务有待提高.因此,提出公园要打造景区特色优势、提高基础设施服务、加强文化及科普宣传、建设智慧公园等建议.     

1509号台风"灿鸿"影响南通稳定性降水分析

利用fnl再分析资料、卫星资料、多普勒雷达资料及地面观测资料,对1509号台风"灿鸿"路径突变及影响南通稳定性降水进行了综合分析.结果表明:"灿鸿"移动路径与副高强度、形态、台风内力的关系密切,副高与高压脊合并后转为南北向分布是"灿鸿"路径突变的主要原因;同时,"灿鸿"有追随200hPa高空辐散区移动的倾向."灿鸿"影响期间降水以稳定性降水为主;其北部的鞍型场形势及日本海高压坝的阻挡均为南通长时间降水提供了有利的条件.南到西南风的水汽输送带稳定维持,产生深厚湿层和明显的水汽辐合;垂直于32°N纬圈的次级环流,均为降水强度的维持提供了有利条件.     

包膜尿素在不同介质中氮素释放特性研究

培养不同膜材用量的包膜尿素(CRU1,CRU2)在25℃静水及不同土壤(白浆土、黑土、黑钙土)中的释放规律,研究介质及膜材用量对包膜尿素氮素释放的影响.结果 表明:氮素释放期方面,CRU1和CRU2在25℃静水中的释放期分别为30 d和100d,在白浆土中的释放期分别为37 d和182 d,在黑土中的释放期分别为36 d和209 d,在黑钙土中的释放期分别为34 d和213 d.无机氮变化规律方面,CRU1处理下土壤中NO3-N含量呈现先平稳再升高后下降的趋势,NH4+-N含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势;CRU2处理下土壤中NO3-N、NH4+-N含量均呈现先平稳再升高后降低的趋势.相关结果表明,介质类型显著影响包膜尿素的氮素释放期,与水相比土壤中的氮素释放期明显增加,且不同土壤类型间差异显著.随着膜材用量的增加,包膜尿素的氮素释放期明显增加,同时介质中的无机氮含量变化趋势也存在差异.     

基于知识图谱的燃煤电厂与汞研究态势分析

为追踪燃煤电厂与汞的最新进展和排放控制,基于Web of Science数据来源,使用VOSViewer、CiteSpace软件对比了论文数量时间变化、主题演化路径,主要研究实力分布、高影响力论文等知识图谱进行了比较分析,系统了解到中美两国在该领域研究领先,而近期热点是围绕烟气、减排和有害微量元素。     

Effects of music stimulus on behavior response,cortisol level,and horizontal immunity of growing pigs

An enriched environment is widely used to improve domestic animals’ welfare and promote their natural behaviors. Music can reduce abnormal behavior in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. However, little is known about the effects of music on pigs. This study aims to explore the effects of repeated music stimulation on the behavior, physiology, and immunity of growing pigs. A total of 72 hybrid piglets (Large White × Duroc × Minpig) were randomly divided into three groups, including music (Mozart K.448, 60 to 70 dB), noise (recorded mechanical noise, 80 to 85 dB), and control (natural background sound, <40 dB), and 6 h sound stimulation was given per day (1000 to 1600 hours) from 40 to 100 d of age. The behavioral activities of the pigs were observed during the music stimulation, and their serum cortisol, salivary cortisol, and serum immune indices were also measured. Compared with the control group, the music group and noise group increased activity but decreased lying of pigs (P < 0.05). A significant increase in tail-wagging, playing, and exploring behaviors of pigs was found in the music group (P < 0.05), and the noise significantly increased the aggressive behavior of the pigs (P < 0.05). Tail-wagging, playing, exploring, manipulating, and aggressive behaviors decreased over time. Short-term (8 d) music stimulus had a lower cortisol level than that of the noise and control groups (P < 0.05), whereas long-term (60 d) music stimulus increased immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels (P < 0.05) and decreased interleukin-4 (IL-4) level (P < 0.05). Long-term noise stimulus significantly reduced the level of IgG (P < 0.05) but did not affect the level of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ levels (P > 0.05). In conclusion, short-term music stimulus (8 d) reduced the stress response, whereas long-term music stimulus (60 d) enhanced the immune responses. In addition, the noise increased the aggressive behavior, and long-term noise reduced the immunity of the growing pigs.     

绿色富硒生物猪饲料中AFB1达标生产工艺优化研究

饲料中黄曲霉毒素(AFB₁)容易超标,检出率达80%~100%,毒性大,具强致癌性,可抑制生猪免疫机能,降低动物生产性能,引起动物继发感染,还会在动物产品中残留而威胁人类健康,给生猪养殖带来经济损失,降低猪肉食品安全性。本文通过使用先进固体发酵系统设备和益生菌发酵技术,采用单因素试验和响应面中试优化,获得发酵降解猪饲料AFB₁的最佳工艺参数为硒浓度0.3 mg/kg,发酵时间12 h,量子波强度30 Hz,益生菌菌种组合CGMCC NO.17328混合CGMCC NO.15611。该工艺将猪饲料AFB₁量从63.41μg/kg降解到2.98μg/kg,降解率达到95.30%,AFB₁含量达到国家饲料安全标准。生产工艺适合养猪场低成本快速生产AFB₁达标猪饲料。     

蜗壳式离心泵外特性仿真与实验研究

为探索不同仿真方法的适用性,对ns=157的单级蜗壳离心泵不同工况的扬程和效率进行定常和非定常计算,并分别分析了定常计算时不同叶片夹角及非定常计算时不同时间步长的影响,通过与实验对比,得到的主要结论有:定常计算仅适用于额定工况外特性仿真,其扬程和效率计算误差分别为4.9%和2.9%,而定常多相位的计算误差分别为7.1%和3.2%;非定常仿真计算时,以4°为时间步长,并间隔20°保存一次计算数据,较好地预测出扬程曲线走势,额定工况扬程和效率计算误差约1.1%和1.8%,但小流量和大流量区间扬程计算误差达到10%左右。因此在水力优化设计时,若只关注高效点位置及其扬程和效率,可采用定常计算,若还关注扬程曲线走势,则应采用非定常计算。     

小麦矮腥黑粉菌侵染小麦子房的激光共聚焦显微观察方法

本试验利用碘化丙啶(propidium iodide)和Alexa Flour 488(AF 488)标记的麦胚凝集素(WGA)分别对小麦子房细胞和小麦矮腥黑粉菌进行染色,结合激光共聚焦显微镜成像系统获取小麦子房的三维立体图像。该技术可获得清晰的小麦子房细胞图像,并观察小麦矮腥黑粉菌在小麦子房中的侵染状况。该方法将为研究病原菌在寄主体内的分布提供可参考依据。     

Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (LS), 5:5 (MS) and 7:3 (HS). Six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Total protozoa concentration was determined under the microscope; total fungi and methanogens were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as a percentage of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies; bacterial communities were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing. The percentage of fungi was significantly higher in alpacas than in sheep under the LS diet, while the concentration of protozoa was significantly lower in alpacas under HS, MS and LS diets. The alpha diversity including Shannon, Chao l and ACE indices of bacterial communities was higher in alpacas than in sheep, under the LS diet. A total of 299 genera belonging to 22 phyla were observed in the forestomach of alpaca and sheep, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating both animal species. Phyla Armatimonadetes and Fusobacteria, as well as 64 genera, were detected only in alpacas, whereas phyla Acidobacteria and Nitrospira, as well as 44 genera, were found only in sheep. The abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, including Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, was higher in alpacas than in sheep under all three diets. These differences in the forestomach microbial communities partly explained why alpacas displayed a higher poor-quality roughage digestibility, and a lower methane production. Results also revealed that the adverse effects of high-concentrate diets (70%) were lesser in alpacas than in sheep.